|
Ashkenazi Hebrew ((ヘブライ語:הגייה אשכנזית)) ((イディッシュ語:אַשכּנזישע הבֿרה)), is the pronunciation system for Biblical and Mishnaic Hebrew favored for liturgical use by Ashkenazi Jewish practice. It survives today as a separate religious dialect within some parts of the Haredi community, even alongside Modern Hebrew in Israel, although its use amongst non-Israeli Ashkenazi Jews has greatly diminished. ==Features== As it is used parallel with Modern Hebrew, its phonological differences are clearly recognized: * א ' and ע ' are completely silent at all times in most forms of Ashkenazi Hebrew, where they are frequently both pronounced as a glottal stop in modern Hebrew.〔The practice of omitting the guttural letters "ayin" and "chet" is very ancient and goes back to Talmudic times (see ''Sefer He'aruch'' entry "shudah" as well as encyclopedia ''Otzar Yisrael'' entry "mivtah"), when it appears to have been a feature of Galilean pronunciation.〕 (Compare ''Yisroeil'' (Lithuanian) or ''Yisruayl'' (Polish-Galician) vs. ''Yisra'el'' (Modern).) A special case is Dutch (and historically also Frankfurt am Main) Hebrew, where ‘ayin is traditionally pronounced as a velar nasal (), probably under the influence of the local Spanish and Portuguese Jews. * ת ' is pronounced in Ashkenazi Hebrew, unless there is a Dagesh in the ת, where it would be pronounced . It is always pronounced in Modern Hebrew. (Compare ''Shabbos'' vs. ''Shabbat'', or ''Es'' vs. ''Et''.) * אֵ ' is pronounced (:ej) (or (:aj)) in Ashkenazi Hebrew, where it would be pronounced in Sephardi Hebrew; Modern Hebrew varies between the two pronunciations. (Compare ''Omein'' (Lithuanian) or ''Umayn'' (Polish-Galician) vs. ''Amen'' (Modern Hebrew).) * אָ ' is pronounced (occasionally ) in Ashkenazi Hebrew, where it is in Modern Hebrew. (Compare ''Dovid'' (Lithuanian) or ''Duvid'' (Polish-Galician) vs. ''David''().) * אֹ ' is, depending on the subdialect, pronounced (:au), (:ou), (:øi), (:oi), or (:ei) in Ashkenazi Hebrew, where it is in Modern Hebrew. (Compare ''Moishe'' vs. ''Moshe''.) * Unstressed אֻ ''qubbuṣ'' or וּ ''shuruq'' occasionally becomes in Ashkenazi Hebrew, when in all other forms they are pronounced (''Kíddish'' vs. ''kiddúsh''.) In the Hungarian and Oberlander dialects, the pronunciation is invariably . * There is some confusion (in both directions) between final אֵ ''tzere'' and אִ ''hiriq'' (''Tishrei'' vs. ''Tishri''; ''Sifri'' vs. ''Sifre''.) * In earlier centuries the stress in Ashkenazi Hebrew usually fell on the penultimate, instead of the last syllable as in most other dialects. In the 17th and 18th centuries there was a campaign by Ashkenazi rabbis such as Jacob Emden and the Vilna Gaon to encourage final stress in accordance with the stress marks printed in the Bible. This was successful as concerned liturgical use such as reading from the Torah. However, the older stress pattern persists in the pronunciation of Hebrew words in Yiddish and in early modern poetry by Hayim Nahman Bialik and Shaul Tchernichovsky. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ashkenazi Hebrew」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|